Abstract The transition to sustainable energy has become imperative due to the depletion of fossil fuels. Solar energy presents a viable alternative owing to its abundance and environmental benefits. However. the intermittent nature of solar energy requires accurate forecasting of solar irradiance (SI) for reliable operation of photovoltaics (PVs) integrated systems. https://www.spidertattooz.com/1000-Oaks-Threaded-Solar-Camera-Filter-55mm/